Aquatic plants play a crucial role in the hydrodynamic and material transport processes within the aquatic environments due to the additional flow resistance induced by vegetation stems. In this study, high-resolution numerical experiments were performed to investigate the drag characteristics of circular vegetation patches fully immersed in a turbulent open channel flow. The submerged vegetation patch was modeled as a rigid cylinder array with a diameter D composed of N cylinder elements with a diameter d. The effects of vegetation density Φ (0.023 ≤ Φ ≤ 1) and relative diameter d/D (d/D = 0.051 and 0.072) were tested. The simulation results show that Φ and d/D affect the flow resistance exerted by the vegetation patch by modifying the bleeding flow intensity. With the increase in Φ, the drag forces acting on the individual cylinder elements decrease, whereas the total drag forces of the patch increase. The …